Notions

• information

   Action of informing someone, a group, of keeping them informed of events:

  Indication, information, precision that we give or obtain about someone or something

  Any event, any fact, any judgment brought to the attention of a more or less large public, in the form of images, texts, speeches, sounds.

  News communicated by a press agency, a newspaper, radio, television

  Larousse, 2020

• inequalities in the labour market

  Gender pay inequalities - Businesses play a dual role in gender pay inequalities. They can come from a concentration of women in the least remunerative companies (inter-company segregation) or appear within the same company when the latter does not pay its female and male employees in the same way with identical productivity (intra-company inequalities). -businesses).

  inter-company segregation - concentration of women in the lowest-paying companies

  intra-company inequalities - the company does not pay its female and male employees the same way with identical productivity

  Sophie Ponthieux, INSEE, 2015

• Integration

  a phenomenon which "consists in encouraging the active participation in society as a whole of all the women and men called to live durably on our soil by accepting without ulterior motive that specificities, in particular cultural ones, remain, but by putting the emphasis on similarities and convergences in equal rights and duties, in order to ensure the cohesion of our social fabric. "

  High Council for Integration, 1993

• interreligious dialogue

  dialogue between Christians and other religions carried out with respect for freedom, openness, listening in order to get to know each other, to appreciate both our differences and the common values ​​that bind us together others (declaration of the Second Vatican Ecumenical Council - Nostra Aetate, 1962)

  Vatican, 1962

• Islamophobia

  polemical and polysemous term to be used with caution and to contextualize

  The notion of Islamophobia "remains a subject of debate. Several institutions and actors participate in the process of speech production, in scientific, political and media fields, reflecting the political and ideological questions that the use of this new notion raises ". It is a "complex and multidimensional social phenomenon". "To analyze it, we first need to take into account the importance of contextualization and the crossing of scales. Historicization is necessary, through a detailed analysis of continuities and similarities, but also of the peculiarities specific to each period and each country. Moreover, one of the contributions of studies that refer to history is based on an understanding of the international and local dimension of Islamophobia. "(Asal, 2014)

  “The definitional difficulty of Islamophobia lies in the fact that the term refers to hostility both towards a group of people (whose membership may be real or fantasized) and towards a religion, where other analogous terms ( racism, xenophobia, anti-Semitism) refer only to hostility towards a group. Although the Runnymede Trust report distinguishes legitimate criticism of the Muslim religion from "unfounded hostility," it defines the concept as "a useful shorthand for fear or hatred of Islam, and therefore the act of fear or have an aversion to all or most Muslims ”. The report points out that "the word is not ideal but very similar to xenophobia and europhobia".(Calabrese & Guaresi, 2020)

  Asal, 2014 & Calabrese et Guaresi, 2020

• intersexuality

  intersex people are born with both male and female sex characteristics (genital, gonadal and / or chromosomal). (DILCRAH, 2020

  Intersex (perceived) people are people born with certain biological characteristics considered "female" and others as "male" such as chromosomes or genitals (Kisa, 2019)

  DILCRAH, 2020 & Kisa, 2019

• intercultural responsibility

   understanding gained through intercultural competences in examining related concepts (intercultural dialogue, ethics, religion, dialogue between religions, different conceptions of citizenship). This concept makes it possible to examine and analyze aspects relating to identity and religious values ​​which guide communication and the rules to be followed in intercultural contacts. It also incorporates the idea of ​​a responsible citizen, that is, of a person capable of culturally critical intelligence in intercultural communication. It is applied to professional and personal relationships within multicultural teams in organizational contexts (Guilherme, Keating & Hoppe, 2010). Holmes (2011) broadened the scope of this notion to include moral choices and moral values ​​that a ff ect mutual relationships between individuals in intercultural encounters. (Unesco, 2020)

   

  Unesco, 2020

• intelligence

   a practice certainly as old as war, attested 2,500 years ago, in China, by Sun Tzu (The Art of War), the first treatise on military strategy which recognized the importance of possessing precise and correct intelligence on the intentions and capabilities of the enemy to achieve victory. During Antiquity, then in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, the importance of espionage and secrecy continued; he is surrounded by mystery, and ambivalent notions (betrayal, courage or corruption). Over time, the activity of the intelligence services has become more professional, becoming a support for the political and military demands of each state. its objectives are manifold: to defend the internal and external security of the state and to surreptitiously influence the politics and relations of other countries. The services must counter the increasingly diffuse, underground and scattered threats that constitute not only traditional espionage - military, political or economic intelligence - but also more subtle activities such as disinformation or interference in political affairs, economic and cultural.

  Lepri,2008

• Informal education

  education acquired through friendly, family, professional relationships and through action taken individually. Informal learning occurs throughout life - adults have a greater propensity to take responsibility for their own learning by seeking new experiences and meetings

  Huber & Reynolds, 2014

• informal learning

  learning resulting from work-related activities of daily living; in the family circle or at leisure. It is not structured (in terms of learning objective, learning time and learning support) without certification. It can be intentional or not (fortuitous or random)

  CEDEFOP, 2002

• intercultural communication

  culture is the product of constant negotiation with members of the group to which one belongs; communication is the medium through which this negotiation takes place. Intercultural interactions are the product of comparable negotiations with members of other groups; intercultural communication is the means through which these negotiations take place

  Unesco, 2020

• intercultural responsibility

  understanding acquired through intercultural competences in examining related concepts (intercultural dialogue, ethics, religion, dialogue between religions, different conceptions of citizenship). This concept makes it possible to examine and analyze aspects relating to identity and religious values ​​which guide communication and the rules to be followed in intercultural contacts. It also incorporates the idea of ​​a responsible citizen, that is, of a person capable of culturally critical intelligence in intercultural communication.

  Unesco, 2020

• Intercultural dialogue

  an open and respectful exchange of views between individuals, or groups of different ethnic, cultural, religious or linguistic origins on the basis of mutual understanding and respect. Intercultural dialogue operates at all levels - within societies, between societies in Europe and between Europe and the rest of the world

  Council of Europe, 2008

• Interculturalism

  a space in which people can be different, marked by a history and a culture, a participate attempt to give meaning to everything. And each unfinished, complementary culture needs to be able to show curiosity about other ways of living in the world, so as to understand others and be able to recognise oneself

  Sanchez Miranda, 2001

• Intercultural learning

  it combines educational and political content combining discovery and transgression, change and revision, insecurity and uncertainty, openness and curiosity. This program is opposed to any limitation of the spirit by national, continental, religious, ideological, ethnic, gender or political dogmas ”(Lauritzen, 1998)

   “The greatest common denominator between human rights education, anti-racist education, international cooperation and the sense of social justice (Council of Europe, Directorate of Youth, 2008)

  “Social education process aimed at promoting a positive relationship between people and groups belonging to different cultural backgrounds” (Equipo Claves cited by Rui Gomes and Teresa Cunha, 2000)

  "Learning whose goal is to influence ethnocentric perspectives, to combat prejudices and to promote solidarity ... to support equality in human dignity and respect for the plurality of cultural identities" (Gomes and Cunha, 2000)

  it includes the ability to both interact and act. It encourages people to fight discrimination, react to social injustice, speak out against xenophobia and overcome their own stereotypes and prejudices (Mosaic, 2010)

  Conseil de l’Europe, 2008 ; Equipo Claves cited by Rui Gomes and Teresa Cunha, 2000 ; Gomes and Cunha, 2000 ; Lauritzen, 1998 ; Mosaic, 2010

• Intercultural education

   “the use of the word 'intercultural' necessarily implies - if the prefix 'inter' takes on its full meaning - interaction, exchange, removal of barriers, reciprocity and objective solidarity. If the term "culture" takes on its full force, it also implies the recognition of the values, lifestyles and symbolic representations to which human beings, individuals and societies refer in their relations with others and in their vision of the world. ; the recognition of their importance, the recognition of their way of working and their variety, and the recognition of the interactions that take place both between the multiple registers of the same culture and between the different cultures, over time and space ”(Rolandi-Ricci, 1996);

  “Transnational activity and neither the students nor their subject can be demarcated by familiar boundaries (Coulby, 2006)

  Coulby, 2006 ; Rolandi-Ricci, 1996

• intercultural competence

  "A combination of attitudes, knowledge, understanding and skills applied by action which enables everyone, alone or with others to understand and respect people perceived as having cultural affiliations different from oneself. ; respond in an appropriate, effective and respectful manner when interacting and communicating with these people; build positive and constructive relationships with these people; to understand yourself and your multiple cultural affiliations when you encounter cultural differences "

  Huber & Reynolds, 2014

• intercultural encounter

   an encounter with another person (or group of people) who is perceived to have cultural affiliations different from oneself. They may involve people from different countries, people from different regional, linguistic, ethnic or religious backgrounds, or people who differ from each other because of their lifestyle, gender, social class, sexual orientation, age or generation, level of religious respect, etc. in a cross-cultural interaction, one does not respond to the other person (or persons) on the basis of their own personal characteristics - rather one responds to them on the basis of belonging to another or to a set of cultures

  Huber & Reynolds, 2014